Medically reviewed by Marjorie G. Zauderer, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that can take many years to appear. A person who was exposed to asbestos in their 20s may not have symptoms until their 60s or 70s.

Here is what makes this cancer different, who may be at risk and what symptoms to watch for.

What is mesothelioma?

Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium, the thin tissue that lines several internal body cavities and covers certain organs. It commonly develops in the pleura, the lining around the lungs. It can also develop in the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen, and rarely in the tissue surrounding the heart or testicles. Inhaled or swallowed asbestos fibers can remain in the body and contribute to cellular damage over many years.

Mesothelioma most often starts in the lining around the lungs. It can also start in the lining of the belly or, more rarely, around the heart.

Most cases are linked to asbestos. Asbestos is the name for a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that were widely used because of their resistance to heat and fire. Although its use has declined, asbestos may still be present in older buildings and materials. Disturbing these materials during construction, renovation or demolition can release fibers into the air.

Why it often goes unnoticed

Mesothelioma can be hard to notice at first. A person may have a cough that does not go away or feel more short of breath than usual. Because these symptoms are common and may develop gradually, they can initially be attributed to other conditions.

Symptoms of mesothelioma may include:

• Shortness of breath
• Cough that does not go away
• Chest pain or belly pain
• Weight loss without trying
• Feeling very tired
• Abdominal swelling

These symptoms do not necessarily mean that someone has mesothelioma. If mesothelioma is suspected, evaluation may include imaging and, when appropriate, a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.   Because these symptoms overlap with many other conditions, diagnosis may be delayed.

Who is at risk

People who worked in shipyards, construction, insulation, power generation, manufacturing, automotive repair, plumbing or other trades involving asbestos-containing materials may have had occupational exposure. Military veterans, particularly those who served aboard older Navy ships or worked in shipyards, may also have been exposed.

Family members may also be exposed. Asbestos fibers can be carried home on work clothes, jackets or boots.

Why awareness is critical

Mesothelioma is rare, with approximately 2,500 to 3,000 cases diagnosed in the United States each year. Prompt evaluation of concerning symptoms can help patients obtain an accurate diagnosis and understand their treatment options.

Treatment depends on where the mesothelioma began, its stage and cell type, and the patient’s overall health. Options may include immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, symptom-directed procedures and clinical trials. Because mesothelioma is uncommon, evaluation by a multidisciplinary team with experience treating the disease can be especially valuable.

Talk to your doctor

Tell your doctor if you may have been exposed to asbestos. This could be from a job, military service or a family member’s work. Tell your doctor if you have a history of asbestos exposure, particularly if you develop persistent shortness of breath, chest or abdominal pain, an unexplained cough, weight loss or abdominal swelling. Your doctor can determine whether imaging or referral to a specialist is appropriate.

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